I used to be a MiniDisc enthusiast and used my deck as a DAC with my computer, it never occurred to me to use it as an ADC.
But I recorded quite a lot from analog sources and the quality was very good, at least in the SP mode. I guess late-era decks (with ATRAC Type-R and Type-S) could still be competitive with inexpensive ADCs today. Bear in mind that the maximum bit depth and sampling rate you would get with an MD deck is 16/44.1.
I still have my JA-30ES which I used as my first ADC for transcribing my vinyl - the digital output has always been capable of at least 20bit (for ATRAC v2 to ATRAC v3.5 machines) with 24 bit output being offered for the latter generations - the 16 bit was a settable option to maintain compatibility with Redbook. The quality was very good indeed on the ES models. Not so great on the standard line especially on the ATRAC3 (MDLP) models - I have a JB-930 and it was clearly inferior to the JA-30ES
These are not cheap - a quick search on ebay UK has prices for a JA-3ES at about 400GBP. Prices for my JA-30ES range from 600 GBP upwards. The later generations are well above 1000GBP!!
A JB-940 is still close 400 GBP.
None of these are a patch on my Benchmark ADC1 USB (which will do exactly what the OP wants except that it is now discontinued and still very expensive second hand)
The ADCs in the MD recorders are grossly inferior to what can be had for similar money in the pro ranges from RME, Tascam and the like. I would strongly advise reconsidering the requirements - a good ADC will be transparent and offers the option of digital recording via USB as well as SPDIF. It doesn't make sense to buy a cheap ADC to see if the idea works, because you will only be disappointed with the sound which doesn't prove anything that isn't to be expected! It is the same as saying you would buy a cheap phono stage just to see if vinyl can sound good....